Old And New Testament Views On Social Justice Religion Essay

Old And New Testament Views On Social Justice Religion Essay Christians regard the Bible as a uniquely important source for human life on matters of belief and practice. For human beings to live a life that is meaningful and dignified, they have to be in a just and fair society that looks up to the need of others. For this to happen justice has to be emphasized, it has to be the driving force. In the Bible, God clearly imposed social concern upon his people especially the poor and the marginalized. In Bible, numerous passages such as; in 1 John 3: 17 and James 3:14-17 draw peoples attention towards social concern and social justice. DEFINITION OF SOCIAL JUSTICE. Defining social justice, Dr Paul Kengor said, Historically, social justice has meant different things to different people, and so equally todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Online). This statement actually means that social justice is a just a branch of justice that accommodates all forms of justice, it being restorative justice, economic justice distributive justice, rectificatory justice and so forth. We can in this paper therefore, say that biblical justice entirely consists of social justice because there are many chapters like Matthew 18:23-35 it talks about penal fairness that needs punishment by the book but lacks mercy is not the kind of justice desired by God. Also in Matt 20:1-16: the summary on social justice is an economy of care for the common good through social sustainability, healing, and transformation. Marshall in his book said, There is huge amount data to deal with. There are hundreds of texts in the Old and New Testament, which speaks explicitly about justice, and hundreds more, which refer to it implicitly. Justice is in fact one of the most frequently recurring to topics in the Bible (2005:3). What actually Marshall means here is that, Biblical justice covers all aspects of life in terms of justice such as the personal and the social, the public and the private, the political and religious, the human and nonhuman. But on the other hand, such remarks may mean that biblical justice does not consist entirely of social justice, but also independent justices such as political justice and many others. Marshall said, Justice entails the appropriate distribution of social benefits and penalties and contending parties(2005:6). Still more despite such analysis, social justice in biblical justice concept, remain inclusive of other justices because, the product of each justice is a social concern to the need. OLD TESTAMENT CONCEPTS OF JUSTICE Marshall in his book wrote, Often in Hebrew Bible, righteousness (sedeqah) and Justice (mishpat) occur as a word pair with virtually identical meaning: But let justice roll down like water, and righteousness like an overflowing stream (Amos 5:24)(2005:12. So this statement means that righteousness in the Bible incorporates the idea of doing justice and doing justice conveys the idea of putting right what has gone wrong. Social justice of the Old Testament indeed was concerned with giving according to need thought it worked antagonistically; to the other it was really social justice and to another a different justice. For example, the deliverance of Israel by God from slavery in Egypt, it was a justice on social concern to them by God; but it was under a covenant. Marshall said, Biblical justice is therefore covenant justice. It is the practical outworking of Israels special relationship with God (2005:15). We can say, that indeed God did well for the Israelites out of the obedience to the law He gave them through Moses at Mount Sinai. The Law actually reviews what needed for Israel to live in peace, to experience what the God intended for human society, and all was done out of the covenant which was made. In this justice, Israel had seen God intervene in their liberation from the oppression of slavery, to lead her safely through the wilderness and to constitute her as a free independent people. This became Israels own experience that God was a God of justice, Isaiah 30:8. Gods justice towards the covenant people was a call the Israelites to act towards one another I the way God had acted towards them, with justice, mercy and equity. It is also recorded in some chapters like in Leviticus 19: 15 You shall not render an unjust judgement; you shall not be partial to the poor or defer to the great: with justiceyou shall judge your neighbour. It is aslo written on social justice in the Old Testament that, You shall not deprive a resident alien or an orphan of justice; you shall not take the widows garment in pledge. Remenber that you were a slave in Egypt and the Lord your God redeemed you from there; therefore I command you to do this, Deuteronomy 24:17-18. This has actually pointed to Marshalls description of Gods justice for covenant, through biblical justice which leds to social justice and further with the concerns with giving according to need. Sometime, Biblical justice points at social justice with no concern to giving according to need. Marshall said, justice requires impartiality; at other time partiality(2005:38). In Exodus 23:3, nor shall you be partial to the poor in a lawsuit. As for Marshall, he poits to this kind of justice in accord to what he called criminal justice. Actually, we can support his point with the biblical justice on social justice in Exodus 22:21-24. God warns the Egyptians with His wrath in favour of the resident aliens, widows and orphans. In other instances, Marshall said, Gods bias or preferential option for the por is, ultimately, in the interest of equity. In the perennial struggle for social Justice (2005:41). This statement from Marshall actually talks about distributive justice that considers fair dealing between men. This is also a biblical justice of Gods bias according to Marshall, can be seen through Gods historic intervention to rescue powerless impoverished Israel fro the hands of the Pharoahs in Egypt, and feed them in wilderness. This is Gods justice which is purely social justice which was give according to the neen of Israel at that particular time. The other Gods justice which is in nature of social justice that is concerned with the giving according need is actually in Deuteronomy 24:19-2. This justice provides specific welfare and protection for the por and vulnerable. It is inform of law which guarantees access to food. They are given justice according to the need for survival. This is purely a social justice for social concern in biblical justice. OLD TESTAMENT CONCEPT OF JUSTICE. In the New Testament, biblical justice is not different from that of the Old Testament because the words that are used for justice remain the same, like righteousness but differs only that most of them are teaching by Jesus Christ. Jesus in part of this bible portrays biblical justice consisting social justice by barely giving according to the need. Marshall wrote, At the outset of His ministry, Jesus deliberately evoked this messianic expectation by defining His own mission in terms of bringing justice to the poor (2005:50). Indeed this is what Jesus had started to do, Isaiah 61:1. The spirit of the Lord is upon me, because the Lord has anointed me to bring good news to the oppressed, to bind up the broken -hearted, and to proclaim liberty to the captives release to the prisoners. For Jesus to accomplish this he rejected social discrimination, he promoted social justice and gave it according to the need. To the rich man who wanted to know he was to do to enter the kingdom of god, Jesus to him to sell all that he had and share the money with the poor. This is another biblical justice from our Lord Jesus Christ, as sign for social justice, which he had promoted. To fight social discrimination, Jesus openly criticized the self-righteous arrogance of the religious experts and knowingly antagonized them by enjoying intimate fellowship with sinners and outcasts. For example in Matthew 9:13 when He said, I desire mercy, not sacrifice. For I have come to call not the righteous but sinners and also in Luke 5:27-23, a story of how He met Levi the tax collector and how the Pharisees and Scribes complained about it. Therefore, social justice of Jesus who is characterized by giving according to need viewed in Levis story, Jesus also assessed a new community, which was inclusive, and the poor were to be given preferential option. CONCLUSION. Indeed, both Old and New Testament provide Biblical justice which is entirely consist of social justice that is concerned only with the giving according to the need because it is a complex multifaceted reality. It relates to every dimension of human experience. Biblical justice to its social justice seeks to restore dignity to those who have been unjustly deprived of, to meet their basic needs. Jesus proclaimed of the Kingdom of God as a social justice. That is, proper use of wealthy and not excluding the weak and the vulnerable from participation in national matters.

Biography of W.E.B. DuBois :: W.E.B. DuBois Writers Authors Essays

Biography of W.E.B. DuBois WEB Du Bois was born a free man in his small village of Great Barington, Massachusetts, three years after the Civil War. For generations, the Du Bois family had been an accepted part of the community since before his great-grandfather had fought in the American Revolution. Early on, Du Bois was given an awareness of his African-heritage, through the ancient songs his grandmother taught him. This awareness set him apart from his New England community, with an ancestry shrouded in mystery, in sharp contrast to the precisely accounted history of the Western world. This difference would be the foundation for his desire to change the way African-Americans co-existed in America. As a student, Du Bois was considered something of a prodigy who excelled beyond the capabilities of his white peers. He found work as a correspondent for New York newspapers, and slowly began to realize the inhibitions of social boundaries he was expected to observe every step of the way. When racism tried to take his pride and dignity, he became more determined to make sure society recognized his achievements. Clearly, Du Bois showed great promise, and some influential members of his community. Although Du Bois dreamt of attending Harvard, these influential individuals arranged for his education at Fisk University in Nashville. His experiences at Fisk changed his life, and he discovered his fate as a leader of the black struggle to free his people from oppression. At Fisk, Du Bois became acquainted with many sons and daughters of former slaves, who felt the pain of oppression and shared his sense of cultural and spiritual tradition. In the South, he saw his people being driven to a status of little difference from slavery, and saw them terrorized at the polls. He taught school during the summers in the eastern portion of Tennessee, and saw the suffering firsthand. He then resolved to dedicate his life to fighting the terrible racial oppression that held the black people down, both economically and politically. Du Bois’s determination was rewarded with a scholarship to Harvard, where he began the first scientific sociological studies in the United States. He felt that through science, he could dispel the irrational prejudices and ignorance that prevented racial equality. He went on to create great advancements in the study of race relations, but oppression continued with segregation laws, lynching, and terror tactics on the rise.

Composition Of The Board And Firm Performance Accounting Essay

Examination of anterior research has provided of import penetrations into the relationship between leading construction and public presentation. As suggested by the bureau theory, the conceptual model considers the importance of dividing the functions of president and CEO in impacting FP. To prove the above statement in relation to the Mauritian context, the undermentioned hypotheses are suggested:H0a: Separate leading construction is non associated with Firm Performance.H1a: Separate leading construction is positively associated with Firm Performance.3.4.2 Composition of the board and Firm PerformanceAnother of import mechanism of CG is the composing of the board, which refers to executive and non-executive managers. Both bureau theory and stewardship theory apply to board composing. Boardss dominated by NEDs are mostly grounded in bureau theory. Harmonizing to the bureau theory point of position, outside managers ( non-executive ) on boards aid in supervising the struggles of involvements between stockholders and directors due to their independency from steadfast direction ( Jensen and Meckling 1976 ; Fama & A ; Jensen 1983 and Shleifer & A ; Vishny 1997 ) . In contrast, a bulk indoors ( executive ) manager representation on the board is grounded in stewardship theory, which argues that directors are good stewards of the organisation and work to achieve higher net incomes and stockholder returns ( Donaldson & A ; Davis 1994 ) . Baysinger and Butler ( 1985 ) observed that companies with more outside managers performed better. Rosentein and Wyatt ( 1990 ) found that the assignment of an outside manager was associated with important positive surplus returns. Lee, Rosenstein, Rangan, and Davidson ( 1992 ) found that boards with bulk outside managers performed better than those which were dominated by inside managers. While analysing the nexus between board composing and FP, Jackling and Johl ( 2009 ) found grounds of a positive and important relationship between outside managers and Tobin ‘s Q ( TQ ) . On the other manus, Dalton, Daily, Ellstrand and Johnson ( 1998 ) did non happen important nexus between board composing and house ‘s public presentation. Reddy, Locke & A ; Scrimgeour ( 2010 ) found no important consequence of outside managers and FP. Hermalin & A ; Weibach ( 1991 ) and Bhagat & A ; Black ( 2002 ) found no important relationship between board composing and public presentation. Yermack ( 1996 ) besides showed that the per centum of outside managers does non significantly affect FP. Agarwal & A ; Knoeber ( 1996 ) suggest that boards expanded for political grounds frequently result in excessively many foreigners on the board, which does non assist public presentation. Even though, empirical grounds on the function of outside managers on FP is assorted, the bureau theory position has been adopted to measure the impact of board composing on FP. It is theorised that greater proportion of outside managers will supervise the actions of directors, bring in a broad breath of cognition, expertness and contacts which finally would hold a positive impact on the FP. The relationship between board composing and FP has been reported in anterior research. Harmonizing to the statements put frontward by bureau theory, non-executive managers are an of import constituent of the board construction that affects FP. The conceptual model considers the importance of non-executive managers in increasing FP. To prove the above arguments the undermentioned hypotheses are suggested:3.4.3 Board commissions and Firm PerformanceThe being of board commissions is considered by investors in their investing determinations. The puting up of sub-committees was emphasised by the Cadbury Committee ( 1992 ) for specific countries of administration that have been identified as a job. The countries which were considered of import were the quality of fiscal coverage, manager wage and assignment of managers ( Spira & A ; Bender 2004 ) . Therefore, the Cadbury Committee ( 1992 ) recommended set uping inadvertence commissions for wage of executive managers, the auditing of fiscal statements and assignment of managers, which was supported by bureau theory. Cadbury ( 1992 ) stated that these commissions should be staffed by non-executive managers, because of their independent position on of import determinations. Therefore, board commissions dwelling of audit, wage and nomination commissions must be composed of outside managers as outside managers are believed to guarantee determinations made by the executive managers are in the best involvement of the stockholders ( Weir & A ; Laing, David 2001 ) . The importance of board commissions has heightened as a consequence of corporate prostrations around the universe. Board commissions are appointed to work as independent proctors. The constitution of board commissions is expected to hold a positive influence on the motive of the managers and supply assurance in the fiscal studies of the house. Laing and Weir ( 1999 ) besides reported that the companies which introduced board commissions to the board construction performed better than those without them and therefore showed a important betterment in FP by houses which have introduced audit and wage commissions. In contrast, there is besides grounds to back up the position that board sub-committees had no consequence on FP ( Theoroudou 1998 ; Weir, Laing & A ; McKnight 2002 ) . As suggested in bureau theory, the monitoring map of board sub-committees is an of import mechanism of CG. To prove this, the undermentioned hypotheses are suggested:3.4.4 Corporate Coverage and Firm PerformanceCorporate Reporting ( CR ) is an of import mechanism of CG that represents board answerability. The board of managers is answerable to the stockholders and other stakeholders. The intent of corporate coverage is to unwrap information that is utile to stakeholders who have an active involvement in the house ( Zairi & A ; Letza 1994 ) . CR includes fiscal coverage ( agencies by which direction communicate FP and CG to outside investors ) and information beyond what ordinances require houses to supply to their stockholders and other stakeholders. It comprises of compulsory coverage required by ordinances like Companies Act, accounting criterions and The Stock Exchange listing demands every bit good as voluntary revelations.3.4.4.1 CSR CoverageCSR Reporting involves voluntary revelation of corporate actions refering societal and environmental issues ( Nielsen & A ; Thomsen 2007 ) . CSR is defined as â€Å" accomplishing commercial success in ways that honour ethical values and regard for people, communities and the natural environment † . ( Liyanage 2007 ) CG is about its relationship with stakeholders, so the administration activities must be directed in such a manner that it meets the demands of assorted stakeholders ( stockholders, employees, creditors, providers, clients, authorities and the community ) . Therefore, an effectual administration mechanism must guarantee the involvements of all stakeholders are met. Several research workers argue that a concern has an duty beyond net income maximization and should do a positive part to society ( Carroll 1999 ; Fisher 2004 ) . They believe corporations have a assortment of societal duties which range from run intoing the regulative and legal duties to benevolent activities like for case, assisting the destitute communities. Harmonizing to Buhr and Graftstrom ( 2007 ) , there are a big figure of companies which talk about their CSR activities as a critical success factor and refer to CSR as a concern policy that creates new market chances, competitory advantage and client satisfaction. It besides builds good will, improves their repute, strengthens their trade name names and helps companies to pull and actuate employees. On the other manus, Welch and Wazzan ( 1999 ) found no relationship between CSR and FP. Aupperle, Carroll & A ; Hatfield ( 1985 ) did non observe any important relation between CSR and FP. Mulyadi & A ; Anwar ( 2011 ) and Apria ( 2011 ) besides concluded there is no important impact of CSR on public presentation. Prior research has reported a relationship between CSR coverage and FP. Harmonizing to the stakeholder theory, CSR describing patterns of houses affects the value of house. Based on the statements it is suggested to prove the undermentioned hypotheses:3.5 Proxies for fiscal public presentationThe bulk of anterior surveies have examined the association between CG and FP utilizing TQ as a placeholder for FP ( Hermalin and Weibach 1991 ; Yermack 1996 ; Hovey et al. 2009 ) . Some surveies used both accounting and market step to quantify public presentation. In their survey, Biener et Al. ( 2004 ) and Bhagat and Bolton ( 2008 ) and Jackling and Johl ( 2009 ) used ROA and TQ as public presentation steps. Bauer et Al. ( 2004 ) used Net Net income Margin, Returns on Equity and TQ as public presentation indexs.4.0 Research MethodologyThis chapter is devoted to the methodological analysis adopted to run into the aims of the survey. The debut of CG patterns in Mauritius aimed to supply a mechanism to better investor assurance and trust in direction and advance economic development of the state.4.1 Research aimsThis research will find relationships between the CG patterns of board constructions ( dwelling of leading, composing, board commissions ) and corporate coverage of CSR Reporting and FP of listed companies in Mauritius.4.2 Datas beginningsData for research can be derived from two chief beginnings. Original informations, which is referred to as primary informations, is collected at the beginning. For illustration, study informations, questionnaires, observations and experimental informations. Data which already exists is referred to as secondary informations, such as one-year studies, books, published statistics and internal records kept by companies ( Veal 2005 ) . Evidence required to prove the hypotheses in this survey is based on one-year studies which include a administration study and published statis tics. Therefore informations derived for this survey is from secondary beginnings.4.3 Gathering of informationsThe information and information required for the survey were collected from the Mauritian Stock Exchange web sites, one-year studies, the Mauritian Stock Exchange publication The Handbook of listed companies and the SEM Factbooks. The information required included board leading, composing of the board, board commissions and CSR Reporting patterns of houses. Performance informations used in the survey were Return on Equity ( ROE ) , Return on Assets ( ROA ) and TQ. The information on size, which includes entire assets, were extracted from the Mauritian Stock Exchange publication The Handbook of listed companies and market capitalization was partially calculated utilizing the expression and partially was obtained from the SEM Factbooks.4.4 Data processing and analysisThe natural information will be processed. This procedure will be done with aid of appropriate statistical tools. The Statistical Package for Social Science ( SPSS 20 ) and Microsoft Office Excel 2007 have been used. The analysis included descriptive statistics, Pearson ‘s correlativity and Regression Analysis.4.5 Defining variables for the surveySince the purpose of this survey is to measure the relationship between good CG patterns and FP. Hence I need to see an incorporate model of variables which comprises good administration patterns and FP. The ground for taking t hese variables is that they are in line with what has been considered to count in CG and besides most of them could be obtained by looking merely through one-year studies of listed houses. For the intent of this survey I shall specify the CG variables as follows: CEO-chair dichotomy Composition of boards Board commissions Corporate Coverage4.6 Design of the Variables: Measurement of VariablesVariablesMeasuresCorporate AdministrationSeparate leading Board composing Board commissions Corporate Coverage 0 for combined leading & A ; 1 for separate leading. Non-executive managers to figure of managers. A mark calculated based upon its composing and its term of mention. Word Count.Firm PerformanceTobin ‘s Q Roe ROA Market capitalization +Total assets-Shareholders financess Entire Assetss Net income after revenue enhancement Stockholders ‘ Fundss Net income after revenue enhancement Book value of Total assetsOtherMarket capitalization Board Size Entire Assetss Monetary value per portion multiplied by entire figure of outstanding portions Entire figure of managers Book value of entire assets4.6.1 Leadership StructureThe survey will stand for dummy variables for board LS as literature on CG widely used the same method to operationalise the board LS ( Abdullah 2004, Haniffa & A ; Hudaib 2006 ; Lee & A ; Lam 2008 ) . If one individual occupies the function of president and the CEO, it will be coded ‘0 ‘ because it will be classified as combined leading. If the functions are occupied by two separate person, it will be classified as separate leading and will b coded ‘1 ‘ .4.6.2 Board CompositionA largely used attack to operationalise the BCOMP is the proportion of non-executive managers to entire managers ( Abdullah 2004 ; Laing & A ; Weir 1994 ) . For this survey BCOMP is defined as the figure of NEDs divided by the entire figure of managers on the board.4.6.3 Board CommitteesThe Code provinces that all companies should hold, at a lower limit, an ACOM and a CGCOM, Section 3.5. Past surveies presented the presence and absenc e of commissions by silent person variables ( Laing & A ; Weir 1999 ) . But for this survey, it will be based on its composing and its term of mention with regard to The Code.4.6.4 Corporate CoverageCR includes fiscal coverage and information beyond that required by statute law. Reporting on CSR activities of the organisation are information that is voluntarily disclosed. In content analysis qualitative information is converted to quantitative steps by numbering. Word count ( Deegan & A ; Gordon 1996 ) is a robust step in which numeration mistakes are less likely than other measurings ( Campbell et al. 2003 ) . Word count was used to mensurate the degree of CR since words appear to be more appropriate unit if analysis ( Gray et al. 1995 ; Wilmshurst & A ; Frost. 2000 ) . That is, how many times â€Å" CSR † has been mentioned in the Annual Reports.4.6.5 Board SizeBoard size is considered as a variable that can act upon CG patterns and FP in this survey. This variable is measu red utilizing entire figure of managers ( Abdullah 2004 ; Keil & A ; Nicholson 2003 ) .4.6.6 Firm sizeFirm Size ( FSize ) can be related to CG features and can be correlated with FP. FSize can be represented by market capitalization and book values of entire assets of the house. Market capitalization The size of a company measured by market capitalization represents the entire value of a company. Market capitalization is a market estimation of the value of a company based on expected future chances, economic and pecuniary conditions. Investor assurance is reflected in the market capitalization. Investing in companies with higher market capitalization has lower hazard compared to the houses with lower market capitalizations. Prior empirical surveies find that FP is positively related to market capitalization ( Yarmack 1996 ) . Entire assets Firm size can besides be measured by the book value of houses ‘ entire assets.4.6.7 Performance stepsThe bing literature on CG patterns has used accounting-based public presentation steps, such as ROE and ROA and market-based steps, such as TQ as placeholders for FP ( Abdullah 2004, Bhagat & A ; Black 2002, Daily & A ; Dalton 1993 ) . Since I am taking to analyze the impact of CG mechanisms on FP, I took the steps widely used for listed companies viz. ROE, ROA and TQ. Tobin ‘s Q Tobin ‘s Q is measured utilizing the house ‘s market value to book value ratio. It is a step of growing chances of assets, defined by the future profitableness of the assets in relation to their replacing value ( Leng 2004 ) . TQ compares the ratio of a company ‘s market value and the value of a company ‘s assets. If the value of the TQ is tantamount to 1.0, it indicates that the market value is reflected in the assets of the company. A ratio greater than 1.0 indicated market value is higher than the company ‘s recorded assets. Therefore a higher TQ encourages companies to put more capital because the value of the company is more than the monetary value they paid. This creates more value for stockholders. On the other manus, a TQ of less than 1.0 indicates that the market value is lower than the assets of the company which suggests that the market may be underestimating the company. Roe ROE measures the rate of return on stockholder ‘s equity. It shows how good the company uses the stockholders ‘ investings to bring forth net incomes. This measures the efficiency of bring forthing net incomes from each dollar of stockholders ‘ equity. A higher ratio indicates a higher return. ROE is calculated as follows: ROA ROA shows the profitableness of the company ‘s assets in bring forthing net incomes. It indicates the effectivity of the companies ‘ assets in increasing stockholders ‘ economic involvements ( Haniffa & A ; Hudaib 2006 ) . It besides shows the efficiency of direction in utilizing its assets to bring forth net incomes. ROA is calculated as follows:4.7 Statistical Analysis4.7.1 Descriptive statisticsPrior surveies on CG widely used descriptive statistics ( Abdullah 2004 ; Lam & A ; Lee 2008 ) . Cardinal inclination and scattering are measured utilizing descriptive statistics. Mean, manner and median are the most normally used steps of cardinal inclinations. The most of import step of the cardinal inclination is the mean. Mean, Minimum and Maximum have been used in this survey. Descriptive statistics in this survey showed to which extent the houses have adopted the recommendations of the Code and the tendencies of the FP variables in 2011. Mean is equal to the amount of all observations divided by the figure of values. The equation is as follows: – hypertext transfer protocol: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOfGbQfYjssFIoOX-5s4SsTpikVkS0Ud8AmDqiykgWyl35M7KIR7uOqkgkFfJf534QAUFPH41GGq01r7ZehIPyZuIdKTkmPFLJEat0dvJp-ECLhjVP7iyjlQo2XTnfC0dntDwUv9RtOl8/s1600/mean_formula.gif The lower limit has been used to compare the lowest value and the upper limit to compare the highest value of the variables in 2011.4.7.2 Pearson ‘s CorrelationA correlativity analysis was besides conducted to prove for collinearity among the variables. For this peculiar survey I used Pearson ‘s correlativity to mensurate the strength of the association among the dependent variables that is ROE, ROA and TQ and the independent variables LDS, BCOMP, ACOM, CGCOM, CSR, FSIZE, BSIZE and Leverage. The symbol for Pearson ‘s correlativity co-efficient is â€Å" R † . It can run from -1 to 1, -1 bespeaking a negative correlativity, 0 bespeaking no correlativity and 1 bespeaking a perfect positive correlativity between the variables under trial.4.8 The Theoretical PopulationThe construct of good CG is so of import that I think that it should be applied to all concerns in Mauritius, irrespective of their size. But the Code applies merely to the following concern endeavors, which will unwrap conformity or give grounds for any non-compliance in their one-year studies for regulators and other stakeholders: Companies listed on the official list of the SEM Banks and non-banking fiscal establishments Large public companies State-owned endeavors including statutory corporations and parastatal organic structures Large private companies The above list represents the group that I was interested to generalize but the population of involvement was really big and hence it might hold resulted in a difficult clip developing a sensible sampling program. First, because it is rather hard to acquire an accurate listing of this population and secondly, a national sample of this size can turn out to be hard to mount.4.9 The survey populationDue to the troubles mentioned above, the survey focuses merely on listed houses. The companies listed on the official list of Stock Exchange were chosen because it was easy to acquire an accurate listing of the houses listed on the SEM through the latter ‘s web site and more information is available on them as compared to their private opposite numbers due to disclosure demands from Stock Exchange Listing Rules. These companies were required to stay to all proviso of the Code. The sample used in this survey consists of accounting informations for 21 houses listed on the SEM.4.10 Time H orizonAll one-year studies were gathered for the twelvemonth 2011.4.11 Construction of the Corporate Governance IndexIn the survey a Corporate Governance Index ( CGI ) was constructed to mensurate CG for listed companies at the SEM. In this way the work closely relates to the fiscal literature as Klapper and Love ( 2004 ) , Gompers et Al. ( 2003 ) , Black et Al. ( 2006 ) . All relevant informations needed to build the index was gathered first manus from one-year studies of houses listed on the SEM. A strenuous attempt was made to do certain that the information gathered was accurate and would bring forth dependable consequences. The building of the index was based on the sets of commissariats found in the Code. The most important commissariats that could be assessed were included. The commissariats extracted were classified in six chief headers. The classs are ( one ) Role of board ( subindex A ) , ( two ) Subcommittee of board internal control ( subindex B ) , ( three ) Auditing and hazard direction ( subindex C ) , ( four ) Integrated sustainability coverage ( subindex D ) , ( V ) Disclosure and communicating with stockholder ( subindex E ) , ( six ) Relationship with stakeholders ( subindex F ) . The index comprises of six classs that include a sum of 60 binary points, for each of them, the company is given a value of 1 if the company comply with a given point and a value of 0 otherwise. Each company is so rated from 1 ( hapless ) to 10 ( excellent ) in each of the classs based on the figure of points complied. This current chapter discussed the methodological analysis which was used to prove the hypotheses suggested in the survey. It included the research objectives, the theoretical population and the choice of the sample, informations beginning, design of variables and their measuring. Furthermore, the methodological analysis used to roll up informations and statistical methods used to analyze the information to prove the relationship between corporate administration variables in impacting steadfast public presentation in Mauritius was besides discussed. The consequences from the statistical trials used will be discussed in the following chapter.5.0 Consequences and AnalysisThe analysis of the relationship of CG variables and FP variables is discussed in this chapter utilizing the information from the sample. First, the attachment to the CG commissariats by the companies under survey is examined. This is followed by the analysis of the consequence of CG on the public presentation of these companies.5.0.1 Analysis of the Numberss of companies under survey from the different sectors in Mauritius5.0.2 Analysis of the execution of CG patterns within the companiesAll the listed companies are implementing CG within their companies. There has been a positive consequence for all companies because as from June 2005, all listed companies were required to stay by the Code.5.1 Analysis of the Board Structure5.1.1 Members representing the boardWith mention to Postpone 16.3, it can be seen that 47.5 % ( 10 companies ) have their board members in the scope of 11-20. This is in conformity with the Business Roundtable Principles of CG ( 2002 ) whereby larger companies have 8 to 16 members on their board. Furthermore, 52.5 % have members in the scope of 5-10. None of the company under survey has & lt ; than 5 members.5.1.2 Number of Independent and NEDsFrom the Table 16.4 it can be seen that the figure of independent and NEDs between 5-10 members is 80.9 % ( 17 Companies ) while 4 co mpanies have less than 5 independent managers therefore doing 19.1 % . However, it should be pointed out that all the companies under survey have at least 2 independent managers as per Section 2.2.1 of The Code. Non-executive and independent managers play a critical function in supplying independent judgement in all fortunes.5.1.3 Board CommitteesHarmonizing to the Code Section 3.1, board commissions are mechanism to help the board and its managers in dispatching their responsibilities through a more comprehensive rating of specific issues, followed by well-considered recommendations to the board.

How Immigration Is Ruining America - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 401 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/22 Category Advertising Essay Type Narrative essay Topics: America Essay Immigration Essay Political Essay Did you like this example? How Immigration is Ruining America! Between 12 and 20 million illegal immigrants live in the United States. The exact number is unknown. Illegal immigration is a very controversial and divisive topic, not only in the United States, but also throughout the whole entire world. An illegal immigrant is defined as an individual who is residing in a country illegally. Many people come to the United States due to political, and economical reasons. I think illegal immigration is ruining America for several reasons. Not only are they taking all the jobs in place of Americans, but also they are working for a drastically low pay rate. In my opinion, illegal immigrants should just leave America, and go back to wherever they came from. Most employers follow laws and guidelines to not hire illegal immigrants. Unfortunately, there are still employers that will hire illegal immigrants, just because they will work for horrible pay. However, there are only a few positive aspects to illegal immigration. Usually, the jobs that illegal immigrants occupy are jobs that most Americans refuse to do. Jobs that illegal immigrants usually obtain are, landscaping, restaurant waiter/waitresses, plumbing, trash men, and house cleaning. Basically any job that don’t require hardly any English at all. Surprisingly, not all immigrants are illegal. Immigrants that migrate to the United States come for the same reason that illegal immigrants come to America. Immigrants can cause just as much of a hassle as illegal immigrants. They still take jobs from Americans for low pay, causing Americans to be forced into poverty. Welfare taxes increase, due to the immigrant population. Not only that, but immigrants get government money, and tax payers money to pay for their expenses. For example; homes, cars, clothes , and food. This just isn’t right. Not only do they take American’s jobs, but also the Americans that get fired, have to pay for immigrants to live here. In conclusion, immigration is ruining America, not only legal immigrants, but also illegal immigrants. Americans not only get fired for immigrants to work for less pay, but they also have to pay their living expenses. There are even some employers that will hire illegal immigrants just to pay them crappy money for a job that would usually pay an American to do for a much greater price. There is no doubt about it, immigration is ruining America, and it desperately needs to be dealt with. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Immigration Is Ruining America" essay for you Create order